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Western Canada has also voiced frustrations with federalism, particularly concerning equalization payments and energy policy. The rise of populist movements in Alberta and Saskatchewan reflects longstanding grievances over perceived federal overreach.
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Despite these tensions, Canadian federalism has proven remarkably adaptable. Mechanisms such as First Ministers’ Conferences, fiscal federalism, and intergovernmental agreements allow for constant negotiation and compromise. The system reflects the Canadian preference for incremental change and pragmatic solutions rather than abrupt transformation.
